Juan Pablo Duarte Father`s Dominican
Republic
Juan Pablo Duarte, was born in Santo Domingo in the barrio Santa Barbara
on the street Isabel la
Catolica (his modest home is now a museum - more information
on the Duarte museum) January 26,
1813. He is the son of Juan José Duarte, a Spanish retailer born in Spain, and
Manuela Diez y Jiménez, a native of the El Ceibo region of Dominican Republic.
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Duarte excelled in his school work and was taught by one of the best professors of the
University of Santo Domingo,: Doctor Juan Vicente Troncoso. Here he studied
philosophy and Roman Rights. He was an excellent student and loved to study so
much so that his family decided for him to excel they needed to take him to New
York. It is not known how long he spent in New York but it is thought to be
some time because of his mastery of languages. Then he was on to London and
Paris and finally to Barcelona Spain where he had relatives. During his time
abroad not much is known of his history.
In 1831 or 32 he returned to Santo Domingo and he worked in his fathers business. Juan Pablo,
having such an outgoing personality, had a great social life and was soon
became a well known personality and attended all the important functions of the
time. He was also very patriotic and he strongly disliked the presence of
Haitians in the country.
Duarte was very patriotic and began organizing the historical movement as not
to accept Haitian domination. His philosophy is between "Dominican and the
Haitians a fusion is not possible". This impossibility did not come from
racial differences but the cultural ways that the Dominican society was based
on at that time, He based his ideas on the political doctrines of the time that
he learned in Spain, romanticism, liberalism, the nationalism and the idealist
socialism.
Duarte helped to organize a secret society, "La Trinitaria " on July 16, 1838, among whose first members were Juan
Pablo Duarte, Juan Isidro Perez, Pedro Alexander Pina, Maria Ruiz, Jose Maria
Serra, Benito González, Felipe Alfau and Juan Nepomuceno Ravelo, for which he
took the responsibility to direct. This was the reformist movement in the city
of Santo Domingo, the fighters for independence whose motto was "Dios,
Patria y Libertad" / "God, Mother Country and Freedom".
When the revolution against Jean-Pierre Boyer, the Haitian president, who
controlled the Eastern part of the island, began in 1843 and failed. Duarte and
his companions were jailed and then had to go into hiding and finally were
forced to leave the country. During these times it is thought that this is when
the constitution of the Dominican Republic was penned by Duarte. The Manifiesto
de Independencia was later refined by other members of the Trinitarios
including Francisco del Rosario
Sánchez, Ramón Matías Mella, Tomás Bobadilla
Again the following year on 27 February
1844, another attempt was made to take over the country from Haitian rule. This time it was successful. The
country declared its independence again and took the name República Dominicana
(Dominican Republic). A constitution modeled on that of the United States was
put forth in November 1844. Dominicans celebrate February 27 as their
independence day. Word was sent to Duarte, who was then staying in Venezuela to
return to Santo Domingo to take part in the beginning of the government of the
new republic.
On June 12, 1844 he was nominated by the Liberal party in Cibao to
become president. His opponent, military director General
Pedro Santana(who served for three terms between 1844 and 1861), was appointed
to the same office in Santo Domingo City by the Reactionary party. Duarte lost
and was banished, remaining in exile for many years. He only returned to the
island once and this was during the War of Restoration (1864) against Spain. He
took part in the struggle that ended in 1865, in the reestablishment
of the republic. Duarte was sent on a mission abroad, and died in Caracas Venezuela, July 15, 1876 at the age of 63.
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